ࡱ> lok \bjbj 4`X% Zjzzz8b$;^" K;M;M;M;M;M;M;,>bAty;-zy;zz;8zzK;K;65(u8`MI-67;;0;7`AA8u8u8&z8y;y;;A :   MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY ASSURANCE COMMITTEE UNIVERSITY ETHICS COMMITTEE ý University Statement on the Use of Animals in Research, Practice and Teaching Research Researchers at ý University and its partners, wherever possible, must adopt procedures and techniques that avoid the use of animals (i.e., non-human animals) in their research. In the UK, the use of living animals (see definition below) in research is controlled by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986 (ASPA). The amended version of ASPA implementing European Directive 2010/63EU became effective from 1 January 2013. Directive 2010/63/EU established revised measures for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and redefines protected animal (see definition below). The provisions of the ASPA must be observed and all necessary licences must have been received before any work requiring approval takes place. A licence is required to conduct a regulated procedure (see definition below) on all vertebrates and on one defined category of invertebrate. Note that ý University does not hold such a licence so research involving regulated procedures on these animals is not possible. In the case of research on animals not covered by the licence provisions, this must be declared in full on the Research Ethics Review Form and submitted to their Research Ethics Committee for review, i.e., all projects involving animals are subject to prior ethical review and ethics committees will look for evidence of the 3Rs: Replacement - The least sentient species with the appropriate physiology is used or replaced with other experimental models. Reduction - The number of animals used is the minimum sufficient to provide adequate statistical power to answer the question posed. Refinement - The severity of procedures performed on animals is kept to a minimum. Experiments should be kept as short as possible. Appropriate anesthesia, analgesia and humane end points should be used to minimize any pain and suffering. Applicants will be asked to modify their research plans if their justifications are not deemed sufficient. Researchers planning to work with animals need to be aware of their responsibilities and ensure they have appropriate training. The guidelines of the ASPA should be taken into consideration, even though the use of animals is not governed by the ASPA, as they may indicate best practice. In addition to this, guidance from relevant professional bodies and societies should be followed e.g., Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour HYPERLINK "https://owa.mdx.ac.uk/owa/redir.aspx?C=mDnaPAt8UUe2XhL4ZjS7X52_S-4eXNFIhp7Pd73bL2OEKrkry-8PuccZjAzAbaeDFXcdUJbLpUQ.&URL=http%3a%2f%2fasab.nottingham.ac.uk%2fethics%2fguidelines.php"http://asab.nottingham.ac.uk/ethics/guidelines.php, Society of Biology HYPERLINK "https://owa.mdx.ac.uk/owa/redir.aspx?C=JW3fw4WcS0ChT2OiSxQYTabrVFfHXdFI7Bt5wN3mrajx8Hebmw3uXL2KOyNlkUbwCpUGwH7PQXk.&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.societyofbiology.org%2fpolicy%2fpolicy-issues%2fbiomedical-sciences%2fanimal-research"https://www.societyofbiology.org/policy/policy-issues/biomedical-sciences/animal-research Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) HYPERLINK "http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Policies/animals_in_research.pdf"http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Policies/animals_in_research.pdf Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) HYPERLINK "http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/Funding-Opportunities/Research-funding/RFG/Grant-conditions/Pages/Research-governance.aspx"http://www.ahrc.ac.uk/Funding-Opportunities/Research-funding/RFG/Grant-conditions/Pages/Research-governance.aspx The British Psychological Society (BPS)  HYPERLINK "http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/images/guideline_for_psychologists_working_with_animals_2012_rep55_2012_web.pdf" http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/images/guideline_for_psychologists_working_with_animals_2012_rep55_2012_web.pdf In addition to the requirements of ASPA, ý University requires that excellent care and welfare standards for animals used in research, practice and teaching activities is maintained at all times as part of our general duty of care towards any protected animal under the Animal Welfare Act (2006). We know that animals can experience pain and distress in experiments and that this can be severe. The way that animals are bred, transported, housed and handled may also cause suffering. Therefore researchers at ý University and its partner institutions must take a constructive, practical approach, liaising with people involved in animal use in government, industry and science to ensure that: The necessity and justification for using animals is always critically reviewed. Everything possible is done to speed up the development of humane alternatives. Every possible step is taken to reduce the numbers of animals used, and to significantly reduce their suffering and improve their welfare. Observations of animals in their natural habitat may be ethical acceptable provided that neither the animals nor the habitat are manipulated. Reserachers undertaking fieldwork of free-living animals should take precuations to minimise interference with individuals as well as populations and eco-systems of which they are a part of. (See BPS Guidelines for psychologists on working with animals referenced above. Also refer to the Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour referenced above.) For research that involves the use of animals overseas (for example through international collaborative research) researchers are required to satisfy themselves and confirm to their Research Ethics Committee that standards are consistent with those in the UK. For research that involves the use of dead animals or biological specimens/samples (e.g., feathers, teeth, skin etc.) derived from the bodies of live or deceased animals, researchers are required to satisfy themselves and confirm to their Research Ethics Committee that the specimens/samples were either shed naturally or collected from animals that were already dead and were not killed for the purposes of research. Use of animals in teaching and practice It is responsibility of the individual academic member of staff to ensure that the above points are considered in relation to the use of animals or animal parts for any academic activity they plan to undertake (i.e., in terms of legislation, ethical issues, training and their responsibilities etc). Academic members of staff are encouraged to seek advice from their Research Ethics Committee, and/or to submit their proposal for the use of animals or animal parts in their practice or teaching activities for review by their Research Ethics Committee if their plans do not comply with the above points or raise other concerns. Definition of protected animal: The ASPA defines protected animal as all living vertebrates, other than human beings, and any living cephalopod. Additionally: Embryonic and foetal forms of mammals, birds, and reptiles during the last third of their gestation or incubation period; Fish and amphibians once they can feed independently; Cephalopods at the point when they hatch; Octopus vulgaris (see below). Definition of living: A protected animal is living until its circulation stops permanently or its brain is destroyed. The ASPA considers decerebrate animals to be living and, therefore, protected, because their brains are not completely destroyed. The Act permits the Secretary of State by order to extend the definition of protected animals so as to include invertebrates of any description and to alter the stage of development at which statutory protection of an animal applies. This power was used in 1993 to include in the Act a single invertebrate species, Octopus vulgaris, from the stage of its development when it becomes capable of independent feeding (see above). On the basis that, over time, other invertebrates may become covered by the Act, academics who are working with, or intending to work with, any invertebrates, must check with their Research Ethics Committee and/or professional body the statutory status of the animal species at issue. Definition of regulated procedure: Research on protected animals requires a licence if regulated procedures are used. The legal definition of a regulated procedure under the 1986 Act in Section 2(1) is any experimental or other scientific procedure applied to a protected animal which may have the effect of causing that animal pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm. Pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm encompass any material disturbance to normal health (defined as the physical, mental and social wellbeing of the animal). They include disease, injury and physiological or psychological discomfort, whether immediately (such as at the time of an injection) or in the longer term (such as consequences of the application of a carcinogen). The threshold at which regulation is applied has been agreed at the EU level to be the skilled insertion (according to good veterinary practice) of a hypodermic needle. This means, for example, that even a study, which involves only the taking of blood samples is a procedure which is defined as regulated. Detailed guidance is provided on the Home Office website. JM/TC July 2014 This statement was approved by the Assurance Committee July 3rd 2014. It is due for review in July 2019. (  The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations were approved in 2012. These Regulations amend the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 to transpose the European Directive 2010/63/EU into UK law. 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